Monday, January 27, 2020
Is there any relationship between Corporate Social Responsibilty and financial performance
Is there any relationship between Corporate Social Responsibilty and financial performance The concept of companies about corporate social responsibility (CSR) has changed over the years. Previously it was viewed only as a phrase that meant administrative conformity and observance of rules and regulations. In recent years however that view has changed and companies are increasingly beginning to realize the important role of corporate social responsibility in winning over the trust and confidence of their customers. Today the business practices of large companies are shaped in such a way as to publicize their ethics and values. Therefore it has become a relevant part of business these days. According to the European Commission (2008), corporate social responsibility is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. (http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm) The various recommendations of the European commission regarding corporate social responsibility were that CSR covers social and environmental issues even though its normally known as corporate social responsibility. In an organization, CSR should not be separate from the organizations strategy and functions as the main motto of CSR is about incorporating social and environmental concerns into business strategy and functions. Therefore it is a voluntary concept. An important part of CSR is about how business concerns deal with their internal and external stakeholders that is their employees, customers, public authorities, neighbours, etc. Despite of the costs it may bring upon the business, there are various advantages of employing CSR as a major tool in the business: A company prominently engaged in CSR will be enjoying a better reputation and respect from the public and the good reputation helps the company indirectly in many ways. For example it makes the company easier for recruitment as there is less difficulty for a reputed company to find willing employees. The employees stay longer in the company and are more loyal to the company which is considered as a blessing to the company as they can reduce the costs and effort incurred by recruitment and training. They are also more productive as they are better motivated. A company practicing CSR will probably comply with regulatory requirements. It also helps the company in attaining a good relationship with the local authorities. This can help the business in many ways apart from smoothing its functions. This engagement with the local authorities is a good way to generate positive press coverage. CSR also helps the company to understand the impact of business on the environment which helps to produce new products that are environment friendly. It can also make the business more competitive. Finally CSR reduces the chances of the business reputation going down due to some scandals or allegations. Aim and Objectives: The objective of this dissertation is to find out status of relationship between Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance that is whether it is positive or negative or whether there is no relevant relation between them at all. In order to achieve this objective, it will be necessary to: Examine the previous researches done on this topic Identify an index to measure the Corporate Social Performance of companies in UK Measure the financial performance of the relevant companies Discuss the relationship between financial performance and corporate responsibility. Business in the communitys (BITC) Corporate Responsibility index is one of the leading UKs benchmark for companies that voluntarily practice corporate social responsibility. According to their survey results of 2008, 8 companies in the UK achieved the Platinum Plus status which is awarded to the companies with highest CSR ratings. Some of the companies in the top were BT, EDF Energy, National Grid, etc. there is also another recognition called the Community Mark which is awarded by Business in the communitys for companies that has achieved various milestones in long term sustainable benefits to both business and the community. We want to be known as a responsible business that is making a difference to some of the global challenges society faces. We want to be known as an innovative business that is developing solutions that benefit society while supporting long-term growth, creating competitive advantage and building successful relationships with our stakeholders.(www.bt.com) This defines BTs approach to responsible business. One of the top rated companies in the Business in the communitys corporate responsibility index and has been awarder the Community Mark recognition. Literature review: Various studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship between corporate responsibility and financial performance: Konar and Cohen (2001) founded a positive correlation exists between a firms environmental performance and its intangible asset value. The study was conducted on 321 manufacturing firms of the SP 500 firms. They employed two environmental performance measures namely Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) emission levels and pending environment-related litigation. Changes in the intangible asset value were estimated by viewing changes in the firms market value. The study also found out that a reduction in the toxic chemical release to the environment resulted in increased market value for the firm. Stanwick and Stanwick (1998) conducted a survey on 102 to 125 companies listed in Fortune magazines Corporate Reputation Index that also include a complete set of Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) data for a five year period from 1987 to 1992. A firms profitability was measured by yearly profits and was managed for different sized firms by dividing profit numbers by the firms annual sales. And the firms pollution level was measured as total toxic emissions, and then divided by annual sales to balance variance in firms size. The study discovered a significant relation between low emission levels and high profitability for firms that are reputed for corporate responsibility. Dowell et al. (2000) found that firms adopting global environments standard that are well above the required legal benchmarks have higher market value than firms that have par or below par environment standards when compared to the legal standards. The study scrutinized 89 companies of the U.S 500 (SP 500) that have manufacturing or mining operations in developing countries. The samples of companies were then categorize into three environmental classification according to Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC) data namely (a) firms which follow local environment standards when operating in developing countries (30% firms were positive in this regard). (b) Firms which follow U.S standards while operating in developing countries (10% firms achieved this). (c) Firms which apply internal environment standards which surpass U.S requirements when operating abroad (60% of the firms). (Monks and Minow, 2004) Jaggie and Freedman (1992) studied specifically 13 firms involved in the pulp and paper manufacturing for the year 1978. An emission index used to measure the environmental performances of the companies was used. The firms that had the highest emission output were categorized with an index of 100 and the rest of the firms were adjusted regarding to that. Then the net income, cash flow/equity ratio and ROA indices were combined, with each of them having equal weights, with these pollutant indices. The outcome of the study showed a negative association between environmental and financial performance. (Shaw and Barry, 2004) Christmann (2000) conducted a survey in 2000 which came to the conclusion that chemical companies which employed innovative, proprietary pollution control techniques have managed significant cost savings, especially the companies that had existing facilities to innovate. The survey was conducted focusing on both cost management and pollution prevention on 512 business divisions of chemical companies in the U.S. cost management data were compared to Compustat share price and dividend data to ensure that it accurately replicated the firms financial performance Cohen, Fenn and Konar (1997) conducted a survey focusing on SP 500 companies. Their surveyors conducted the survey by creating two industry-balanced portfolios namely the higher polluter and lower polluter. They then compared the accounting and market return of both the sides. Their research found that either there was some positive return from investing in the environment or there was no return at all from investing. Blacconiere and Northcut (1997) particularly researched the chemical companies during a period of eight months and determined that companies which were likely to be impacted by adverse environmental legislation suffered collectively negative price returns during the time of the discussion of the legislation and its enactment. They also established that the firms with the largest potential liabilities suffered the greatest share price declines in this regard. Louche (1998) concentrated his study on 40 European countries from various sectors. The financial measures such as ROE, ROA and earnings per share were regressed in the context of environmental variables like CO2 emissions, water consumption and energy consumption. Their results established that there was no significant relationship between environmental welfare spending and financial performance. The companies selected were the ones with clear environmental reports. (Murphy, 2002) Since 1970s more than 100 papers have been published that has investigated the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance. These studies conclude that there is a strong evidence of positive relationship between a company that is financially sound and socially responsible. For example the London Business School conducted 80 studies on CSR, out of which 42 presented with positive impact, 4 showed negative outcome and 19 showed no correlation. The rest presented with mixed outcomes. Methodology: The primary research will be carried out to find the relationship using the market model ÃŽÂ ² for the companies that are listed in FTSE-100. A sample of 35 companies listed in the FTSE-100 taken. The study is conducted using the regression model after taking ÃŽÂ ² for the stock estimated for two periods, one before the inclusion in the BITCs Corporate Responsibility Index and the next after the inclusion. The study design to be employed here is the Regression Model with the ÃŽÂ ² for the stocks estimated for two periods, the first before being included in the BITCs CR Index and the next after their inclusion. Measurement of financial performance: The financial performance is calculated with the assessment of Measures of Financial Risk which is summed up by Total Risk (Standard Deviation of monthly returns) and systematic market risk. Measurement of social responsibility: The Business in the Community launched its Environment Index in 1996 to help companies benchmark their environmental management and performance. In 2002, member companies requested a mechanism to benchmark their other activities, so Business in the Community developed the broader CR Index to assess their impacts on the community, marketplace and workplace through their operations, products and services, and interaction with key stakeholders. Performance Band: Platinum : à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥95% Gold : 90 94.5% Silver : 80 89.5% Bronze : 70 79.5% (www.bitc.org.uk) In addition to this, interviews with the managers of some companies should be conducted to get a detailed view of their policies and opinion. This is done to compare the results of the previous analysis with the managers point of view. Also interviews and email communications with some research agencies should be carried out to get attain relevant information. Some of the agencies are European Academy of Business in Society (EABIS) Business and Human Rights Resource Centre Ethical Investment Research Service (EIRIS) The data resulting from these researches will be examined and analysed. This project will involve the analysis of both the quantitative and qualitative data. The external research will be conducted through reading and identifying the findings of published material like magazines, journals, newspapers and other media. The financial performance will contain both the quantitative and qualitative data. The market model ÃŽÂ ² coefficient will produce the quantitative data while the financial analysis will require the qualitative data as well. The results could be displayed in the form of graphs, spreadsheets and pictures. Therefore it will contain both the qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data that comes from the managers, for example the relevance of social responsibility will aid in the analysis, verification and conclusion of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance. The financial data for the sample of 35 UK companies listed could be obtained from the Financial Times Stock Exchange where the stock prices of the companies are available on a daily, monthly and yearly basis. This will facilitate in the finding of the value ÃŽÂ ². Then the BITCs Corporate Responsibility Index could be used to measure the social responsibility variable of the companies which is available on the internet. Finally data will be acquired from sources like magazines, books, articles, official websites of companies, journals, company reports, research agencies etc. Conclusion: This dissertation aims to find out the relationship correlation between the financial performance and the social responsibility of the companies as there is an increasing need in todays world in the face of issues like global warming, ozone layer depletion, wildlife endangerment, increasing pollution, lack of drinking water, etc. nowadays companies and businesses adopting a policy of social and environmental awareness is essential for making the world a better place to live. REFERENCES: Monks, A.G Minow, Nell, 2004. Corporate Governance. 3rd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Shaw, William.H Barry, Vincent, 2004. Moral Issues in Business. 9th edition. USA: Thomson Learning Inc. Murphy, Christopher.J, 2002. Profitable Correlation between Environmental and Financial Performance. www.bitc.org.uk www.bt.com http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Epic of Beowulf Essay - Alliteration in Beowulf -- Epic Beowulf essays
Alliteration in Beowulf                  The diction of the Old English poem Beowulf is distinguished primarily by its heavy use of allliteration, or the repetition of the initial sounds of words.  In the original manuscript version of the poem, alliteration is employed in almost every line (or two half-lines); in modern translations of the poem this is not so. Beowulf uses alliteration [my italics] and accent to achieve the poetic effect which Modern English poetry achieves through the use of poetic feet, each having the same number of syllables and the same pattern of accent (Wilkie 1271). In lines 4 and 5 of the poem we find:  Oft Scyld Scefing                              sceapena preatum monegum maegpum                          meodo-setla ofteah  The repetition of the â€Å"s†sound in line 4 and of the â€Å"m†sound in line 5 illustrate alliteration, and this occurs throughout the poem, providing to the listener an aesthetic sense of rightness or pleasure. In 1958 two language scholars, Lehmann nd Tabusa, produced an alphabetized list of every alliterated word in Beowulf. One translator, Kevin Crossley-Holland, in his rendition of the poem in Literature of the Western World, actually includes considerable alliteration, but less than the original version of the poem (Wilkie 1271). The Old English poet would â€Å"tie†the two half-lines together by their stressed alliteration (Chickering 4).  The first half-line is called the on-verse, which is followed by the off-verse. Each line of poetry ideally contains four principal stresses, two on each side of a strong medial caesura, or pause, and a variable number of less-heavily stressed or unstressed ones. â€Å"At least one of the two stresse... ...lishing, 2000.  Magoun, Frances P. â€Å"Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry.† In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.  Renoir, Alain. â€Å"Point of View and Design for Terror in Beowulf.†In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.  Stockwell, Robert. P. and Donka Minkova. â€Å"Prosody†In A Beowulf Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska: Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997.  Tharaud, Barry. â€Å"Anglo-Saxon Language and Traditions in Beowulf.†In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.  Wilkie, Brian. â€Å"Beowulf.†Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.   Â
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Quiz 8
Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. frustration on aggression. b. groupthink on social conflict. c. deindividuation on the bystander effect. d. team membership on social loafing. e. role-playing on attitude change. | 2. Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. the bystander effect. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. social facilitation. e. group polarization. 3. Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. equity. b. deindividuation. c. the bystander effect. d. social facilitation. e. the mere exposure effect. | 4. The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town.This best illustrates the impact of: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. the mere exposure effect. b. groupthink. c. superordinate goals. d. deindividuation. e. the bystander effect. | 5. Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. the mere exposure effect. b. the chameleon effect. c. social loafing. d. deindividuation. e. the bystander effect. | 6. When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name.This preference best illustrates the importance of: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. social traps. b. the mere exposure effect. c. mirr or-image perceptions. d. the reciprocity norm. e. deindividuation. | 7. Following Germany's defeat in World War I and the economic chaos that followed, many Germans experienced increasing levels of prejudice toward Jews. This surge of hostility can best be explained in terms of the (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. mere exposure effect. b. reciprocity norm. c. just-world phenomenon. d. scapegoat theory. e. bystander effect. | 8.Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite his having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities? (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. cognitive dissonance theory b. social exchange theory c. two-factor theory d. scapegoat theory e. equity theory| 9. Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, b ecause he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed.His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. the fundamental attribution error. b. group polarization. c. the bystander effect. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the mere exposure effect. | 10. In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. three others were pulling with them. b. three others were pulling against them. c. no others were pulling with them. d. no one was monitoring how hard they pulled. | 11.Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. bystander effect. b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. fundamental attribution error. d. frustration-aggression principle. e. just-world phenomenon. | 12. Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way.Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. the bystander effect. b. social facilitation. c. deindividuation. d. the mere exposure effect. e. the fundamental attribution error. | 13. Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. the mere exposure effect. b. group polarization. c. deindividuation. d. he foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the fundamental attrib ution error. |14. Compared to their female classmates, college-age men are ________ likely to engage in unsafe sexual practices and ________ likely to die in auto crashes. (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. more; more b. more; less c. equally; more d. more; equally e. equally; equally| 15. At a social gathering, Latin Americans may behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. norms. b. gene complexes. c. gender identities. . heritability estimates. | 16. In emphasizing that the behavioral effects of heredity depend on the specific environment in which one is raised, psychologists are highlighting the importance of: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. the double helix. b. gene complexes. c. natural selection. d. nature-nurture interactions. | 17. Compared to women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual se x with different partners and ________ likely to feel jealous rage over a mate's having sex with someone else. (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. less; more b. more; less c. less; less d. more; more| 18.Concepts of maleness and femaleness that influence our perceptions are called gender: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. types. b. schemas. c. roles. d. complexes. | 19. Identifying some of the specific genes that contribute to alcoholism would be of most direct interest to: (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. evolutionary psychologists. b. molecular geneticists. c. gender schema theorists. d. Freudian psychologists. | 20. Adoptive parents are least likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children. (Points : 1) Â Â Â Â Â Â a. personality traits b. religious beliefs c. political attitudes d. moral values|
Friday, January 3, 2020
Character Development in Brave New World - 1086 Words
In the novel, Brave New World, written by Aldous Huxley, the author uses character development to contrast the two different societies present in the novel.He shows the importance of morality, or an increase in wisdom in the character of humankind. The author contrasts a society full of static and flat characters and another society full of round characters. In order to show the importance of life experiences in changing the character of individuals in the society. Bernard Marx an Alpha plus specialist in sleep teaching is an example of a character that changes in the brave new word. He changes from a character that symbolized individuality to a character that just wanted to desperately belong to the society. At the beginning†¦show more content†¦The major development seen in John’s character takes place near the end of the story, as he seeks a more pure life in a remote location. John feels as though he’s been poisoned by this new civilization â€Å"I ate ci vilization. It poisoned me; I was defiled. And then, I ate my own wickedness.†(241). He wants to not only live a noble life, but to make this life on his own, so chooses an abandoned lighthouse, far enough away from the disaster of a community he views Brave New World as a negative place with negative ideas. This is a major change from the identity he showed before being poisoned by this civilization, but once again he stays true to his values by leading this new life on his own. John’s strong moral values prove to be the one constant in his character. Lenina is a woman who works in the embryo store of the hatchery. She represents the ideal citizen of the world state, and she undergoes a change in character towards the end of the novel. She begins as a conforming World state citizen, midway she feels some degree of love for John, then at the end she contributes to the death of John. At the beginning of the novel Lenina is the epitome of the world state female, and the world state citizen. She seems to be quite Vapid, a clear description of this was in the discussion between Henry Foster and the assistant Predestinator. Henry says ’Oh, she’s a splendid girl.Wonderfully pneumatic. I’m surprised you haven’t hadShow MoreRelatedJohns Character Development A Brave New World1394 Words  | 6 PagesIn Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, John’s identities are influenced by two opposite societies, and even though he tries to prove his manhood and change the framework of brave new world, he can’t gain real acceptance from anywhere. John’s mother, Linda, is from the brave new world but gave birth to him in the savage reservation and her different behaviors based on the framework of the brave new world caused John’s isolation in the savage reservation. John decides to move to the brave new world andRead MoreAnalysis Of Brave New World 1732 Words  | 7 Pagesfeel ousted or distress. Totalitarianism creates no outlet for personal growth, and as seen in Brave New World. 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